The Maritime Circulation of Ceramic Roofing Materials in the Mediterranean of Roman Era
Caterina Tomizza  1@  
1 : Université de Venise Ca' Foscari | Università Ca' Foscari di Venezia

Despite being among the most flourishing market segments in the Roman world, the ceramic roofing materials have rarely been subject of specific attention from the archaeologists, especially with regard to the aspects related to their circulation. It seems clear that, during the Roman period, most of these materials circulated by sea and probably through different forms of navigation. However, of 41 cargoes so far detected in the Mediterranean basin, only a few have been studied with a complete approach. Here, after a brief presentation of the different types of rooftiles that circulated in the Roman Western Mediterranean, is proposed an analysis of the shipwrecks that includes an outlining – through some significant case studies - of the stowage techniques and an attempt of reconstruction of the types of hulls involved in this transport, along with their tonnage. To reconstruct the stowage techniques of the ceramic roofing materials there has been carried out an analysis on the sites' documentation to find out if there were some patterns in the disposition of the rooftiles and bent tiles on board. At the same time, for the study of the hulls and their tonnage, there has been made, where it was possible, a volume estimation to determine the load capacity, from which it is possible to assume the tonnage and the hull measurements. The stowing patterns for the CBM could be resumed in a general scheme whereby the rooftiles are arranged in two or three parallel rows positioned in the middle of the hull, with the bent tiles arranged in side stacks and inserted vertically in the gaps to stabilize the cargo. The systematic study of the shipwrecks led to the hypothesis that the diffusion of these materials took place on various scales and through different sailing modes, in contrast with the outdated theories that considered rooftiles and bent tiles as ballast, or a low-value commodity mobilized in the return journey. Nevertheless, several questions remain about the maritime distribution of ceramic roofing materials, especially with regard to the handling of large cargoes and the reasons that led to their transport not only in a regional trade system but also in long-range distribution contexts and by direct, offshore navigation. In the phase of systematization and study of the data, the necessity of an updated database of rooftiles and bent tiles production and distribution in the Roman Mediterranean became clear. It would be advisable, in fact, a systematic study of this type of materials that starts from morphological and epigraphic analysis and necessarily passes through archaeometrical studies.


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