The so called Syrian Dead Cities Region, sometimes Syrian Limestone region, is located in the north-western part of Syria. It was one of the richest areas of the eastern Empire: prosperity attested by about 700 settlements dated back from Roman to the end of the proto-Byzantine period (2nd-6th), and a few hundred sites identified as monasteries of 5th-6th century. Until 2010, all the archaeological sites were in an excellent state of conservation. The region falls into the province of Syria Prima with Antioch as its capital, although its southern part seems to have been part of the province Syria Secunda. Mainly the erected settlements consist of private, public and religious structures, arranged on an irregular road system. On their external borders are not only ascertainable funerary structures, but also other productive utilities as oil mills. Indeed the area has been famous for the production of oil, since 3rd-4th century. Later with the beginning of the 5th and throughout the 6th century, a strong construction activity was recorded, such as the construction of basilicas, baptisteries and monasteries. Almost all the new buildings were erected with Greek or Syriac inscriptions. In fact, some of these rural centers within the 6th century could have up to three basilicas and two baptisteries in the same time. To these religious buildings, it can also be annexed constructions for receptive usage “πανδοχεῖα” to host pilgrims, who passed through the territory to visit holy places of the region (Qal'at Sim‘an, Teleda...etc.) on their road to visit the Holy Land, because the Syrian Limestone region was an obligatory way of passage to go to the south from Asia Minor. This demographic, religious and economic vitality is proved not only by the archaeological arrangements, but also by a multiplicity of inscriptions, graphites and symbols in Syriac and Greek, which bear among other things, the exact date of the construction of the building in which they are located. They were still in situ - at least until 2010 - incised on the architraves of the entrances, on the windows of the basilicas, on the external walls of churches, monasteries and the annexed πανδοχεῖα. With these paper I aim to emphasize what could be deduced from these traces left us by the population in the 5th-6th century, without forgetting the inscriptions of Roman age 2nd-3rd century that offer a clear topographical, social vision of the territory before the rise of the Christian era.